London Essay - 1388 Words

With reference to one property development site within the City of London, critically appraise the extent to which that development delivers successful modern property development whilst at the same time respecting the historic sense of identity of the City of London as identified by Glinert. The City of London sometimes referred to as ‘the square mile’ denotes the area within the original old walled city built by the Romans in about AD50.1 One can still see evidence of roman heritage by visiting the London wall, built in around 200AD or the only roman built amphitheatre, which is located under the Guildhall art gallery. 2 Today the City of London is considered one of the leading international business and financial centres of the†¦show more content†¦A particular building or site distinguishes many cities. For example the Eiffel tower is the symbol for Paris and one may say Buckingham Palace is the symbol for London. This means that a city’s identity can be portrayed through its architecture and I believe that a building like the Lloyds building is not appropriate for the prestigious City of London. The extent to which the Lloyds Building is a modern success can definitely be questioned. One of the aims of locating the ugly serviceable compon ents on the outside is that costs are saved on repairs because everything is accessible. However the cost of cleaning the external steel is so extortionate and frequent that the benefits are outweighed completely. Also, now that it is Grade 1 listed it means alternations are extremely hard to make. The whole point of the design was that the building could be changed and re-ordered like Meccano. This means it can no longer even achieve one of the primary objectives that were in mind when it was built. This is one of the main reasons I believe it does not represent a ‘successful modern property development’. In the summer of 2013 it was reported: ‘The outgoing chief executive of Lloyd’s of London blamed the design of the insurer’s headquarters for its high maintenance costs’ 6and that Lloyds are considering terminating their lease when the next break clause occurs in 2021. With regards to ‘respecting the historic sense of identityâ€⠄¢ inShow MoreRelated The London Blitz Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pages In September of 1940 through May of 1941 there was a strategic bombing attack that was lead by the Germans targeted towards London and other cities located in England, this was known as The Blitz. The Germans aimed the bombs mostly at populated cities, dock yards, and factories. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The bombing on London began on September 7, 1940 and lasted for 57 consecutive nights. During these nights of bombing people took shelter in warehouse basements, and in undergroundRead MoreThe Tower of London Essay5058 Words   |  21 PagesThe Tower of London: A Landmark Alive With History The Tower of London is one of the most famous and visited historic monuments in the world. For some people it conjures up images of Norman architecture and towering battlements, but most associate it with arms and armour, ravens, the Crown Jewels, Yeoman Warders, imprisonment, death and ghostly apparitions. But this does not do it justice: the history of the Tower and its buildings is a vast, fascinating and complex subject, intertwined withRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Impacts of Migration in London Essay621 Words   |  3 Pages Introduction This essay seeks to investigate the negative and positive effects of migration in London. As the London Migration Observatory claim London has the largest number of migrants among all regions of the UK. 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Yet, cities had enemies as well as friends; manyRead More Overcrowding and Urban Planning in Victorian London Essay2512 Words   |  11 PagesVictorian London in Charles Dickens era was a city suffering under the weight of the masses of people that lived there. In Dickens time, London was the largest city in the world, both due to its population increase and the urban sprawl caused by influx of so many people. There were nearly 4 million inhabitants of the Great City at the height of the Victorian age. This number was an increase of nearly three million people ove r a period of approximately 30 years, there were many problems associatedRead MoreJack London Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesJack London, an American author known for his thrilling adventure stories, showed the world that even an exciting story that takes place in exotic settings can include all the intricacies of great literature. This is seen in many of his stories with the implementation of symbolism, many times a recurring theme in his work. Also, London used many ideas of the day such as Darwinism and Spencerism in his writings in order to better portray his views. However, perhaps one of the most telling signs thatRead More The Songs of Experience - Explication of London Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesExplication of London nbsp; William Blake published, in 1794, a collection of poems entitled The Songs of Experience. This collection works in collaboration with an earlier collection of the authors poems called The Songs of Innocence. The works of 1794 bring to the reader a more realistic or even pessimistic view of the authors native England, in comparison to the poems in The Songs of Innocence. One of the works in the more realistic collection is simply titled London. In this workRead MoreEssay on Jack London: A Biography721 Words   |  3 PagesJack London: A Biography      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Griffith London, better known to us as Jack London, was born to Flora Wellman January 12, 1876, in San Francisco. (Ranch Album)   His father was presumably W.H. Chaney, who left Flora after finding out she was pregnant. (Stasz, 9)   Flora met and eventually married John London on September 7, 1876 bringing Johns two other children, Ida and Eliza, into the family. (Ranch Album) Flora enlisted the help of a wet nurse and, with the help her and Eliza,Read MoreLondon Bridge Essays2116 Words   |  9 PagesWhen people in the United States today hear the term London Bridge, they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. Surrounded by faked-up Tudor buildings and busloads of tourists, the large bridge is dwarfed by the majesty of the desert Southwest. The entire enterprise stands as a monument to a deep human appreciation for irony, for what else co uld explain the immense cost and energy thatRead MoreEssay on Explication of William Blakes Poem London1706 Words   |  7 Pagesof William Blakes Poem London William Blake’s poem â€Å"London† takes a complex look at life in London, England during the late seventeen hundreds into the early eighteen hundreds as he lived and experienced it. Blake’s use of ambiguous and double meaning words makes this poem both complex and interesting. Through the following explication I will unravel these complexities to show how this is an interesting poem. To better understand this poem some history about London during the time the poem

The Building Blocks And Foundation Of The Bible And A...

The building blocks and foundation of the bible and a biblical world view starts in the first eleven chapters of Genesis. Without this primeval history we would not have the understating of numerous things, developing many questions and doubts in our faith. It is the basis of our natural world; how it has begun and came to be. The basis of our identity; how we got here, by who, and the reason for being. The basis for our relationships; how they should be, and for what reasons. The basis for civilization; what we are to do here on earth, why we do it, and for what or whom we do this for. Again the first eleven chapters are essential to many aspects of my world view and the beginning to everything I know, see, and understand Natural world The natural world was created in 6 days. Not through a big bang but by our creator who is God and by him alone. He created it: heavens, earth, light, darkness, land, plants, fish, birds, and animals. Then he created us on the sixth day. We were given one command at the beginning and that was to not eat of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. However one day we would fall short of the glory of God. And so we did Adam and eve ate from the tree and becoming like God; failing the moral test given to us. Although after eating from the forbidden tree in the Garden of Eden, sin had entered the world. After that we were no more in a perfect relationship with God, nor would it ever be the same. We became wicked, with thoughts of evil in ourShow MoreRelatedThe Family And The Norms Of Life Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesof this organization is Momrising. The goal of the progressive organization Momsrising is focus on the most critical issues facing women, mothers, and families by educating the public and mobilizing different actions to: bring the voices and real world experiences of women and mothers to local, state, and nation s leaders. Second, amplify women s voices and policies issues in the national media across all programs such as radio, blogs, social media, and more. Third, it wants to make corporationsRead MoreBiblical Theology Of Family Ministry5153 Words   |  21 PagesBiblical theology of family Ministry __________________ A Paper Presented to Dr. W. Ryan Steenburg The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for 45260 V __________________ by Indra Koirala indra.koirala567@gmail.com November 15, 2015 BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OF FAMILY MINISTRY I still remember the time of my childhood when peace in my family was only a myth! My dad used to come home badly drunk almost every evening, and his entryRead MoreServant Leadership2299 Words   |  10 Pagesgrowth of people, and building community) is based solely on his readings of Greenleafs essays, and is not grounded in solid research studies. This paper will attempt to examine the philosophical foundation of servant leadership by extracting several value-laden principles drawn from Greenleafs and Jesus Christs representation of the concept. This will be accomplished by responding to the following questions: a) Although servant leadership is often associated with the Bible and Jesus Christ, itRead More Family Therapy Essay2731 Words   |  11 Pagescounseling entail’s so that there will be an understanding of its true relevance. The union of Marriage is understood to be one of the most sacred institutions God has put in place with the family unit falling next in line as it is the foundation of society and the building blocks needed for an healthy society moreover, this starts with a healthy and productive family unit(JanÄ ić, 2009). God made his heart concerning marriage and the family unit clear in the book of Genesis as it states that, â€Å"But fromRead More Teaching Origins in 20th Century American Public Schools Essay6390 Words   |  26 Pagesdiverse arguments, and employ not only biblical and moralistic arguments, but scientific evidence, logical arguments, and political rhetoric to counter evolu tionary theory. Second, debate was revived by evolutionist educational reforms of the 1960s and is being countered by creationists who are part of the growing fundamentalist movement and by some who distance themselves from fundamentalism. Finally, though evolution has been accepted by the scientific world and by national education standards andRead MoreSocial Justice And Government By Karl Marx1930 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Justice and Government The view of social justice in today’s society may be different depending on who you are, what religion you come from, or even the culture in which you were raised. 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Most people would refer to peace as freedomRead MoreJohn Wesley and George Whitefield View on the Doctrine of Election2537 Words   |  11 Pages INTRODUCTION John Wesley and George Whitefield were two very influential men in the great awakening. Though the impact of both of these men was felt far and wide during the great awakening; their view on the doctrine of election could not be more at odds. Justo L. Gonzalez in his book The Story of Christianity spoke about the dynamic nature of Whitefield and Wesley relationship. He stated, â€Å"Wesley and Whitefield worked together for some time, although slowly Wesley became the main leaderRead MoreBiblical And Theological Basis Of A Transformational Leadership Certification5231 Words   |  21 PagesCHAPTER 4. BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL BASIS This project provides the theological basis for developing a transformational leadership certification. 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Transformation of Management through Taylorism- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theModern Transformation of Management through Taylorism. Answer: Introduction Taylorism is a scientific administration supported by Fred Taylor. In Taylor's idea, the function of the industrial unit administration was to determine the best way for the employee to perform the duty, to offer suitable apparatus and training, and to give motivations through incentives for excellent performance. Fred Taylor bust every job down into its personality movements, evaluated these to agree on which were important, and set time for the workers with a stopwatch (Giannantonio, Hurley-Hanson 2011, p. 9). With pointless movement prohibited, the staff, observing a machine-like practice, became far more industrious and productive. Taylorism was based on a systematic study of individuals, characters, and duties. The responsibility or function of Taylorism was that they followed the system of breaking the work progression into sub-duties or least possible sections with an objective to manage the most efficient technique for accomplishing a scrupulous chore and duty. Would workers in Australia, America or any other continent accept Taylorism in this form today? In the current setting, employees around America, Europe or Australia would not incorporate or accept Taylorism in its initial form and status. A lot has changed in regards to the development of technology and automation that is being applied by many companies today, and there is absolutely no intelligence in putting into practice the instituted theory completely (Minshall, 2015, P.609). However, if it is currently applied or implemented, there would specific ramifications needed to create the foundation theory a booming. Workers would not accept it again because it is the management that takes control of all the activities. In this situation, workers will feel demoralized since they are neglected in the daily planning process; it lacks inclusivity. Consider the design of scripts for use in Call Centres, can you see Taylorism in that? Call centers all over the world always have positioned areas and drawn on labor markets, where setting up powerful types of combined interest representation has been difficult. Similarly, call centers have been described to contemptuously as cost centers, reflecting the approach that customer service is a pricey and costly deplete on resources. The objective has characteristically been to offer the least amount of service needed to make sure customer maintenance is kept and maintained. With this idea in mind, call centers have been managed with plenty measured quantity of scientific theory. Most of the current findings have criticized Taylors theory; however, from the clip, Taylorisms effects seem to be still a plague in many industries (Chung, 2013, p.54). Several parts of the business world have stubbornly held on to the Taylorisms legacy as tightly as call center as can be seen from the clip. This clip is showing history from 100 years ago. Some would say that the world has moved on and these ideas are out of date. However, could there be parts of the world today for which these ideas might be just what they need? Explain. The world has really evolved, and quite a lot has happened. First and foremost, a great significant change in the field of technology has transformed the whole world. Be it from business, agriculture, to manufacturing sectors respectively. Technology has changed the world, and it is like human beings now live under the same roof through connectivity in communication (Yashiro Backer, 2011, p. 368). However, various parts of the world still require the ideas that were used 100 years ago to foster growth. This has actually been seen in the field of innovation where some parts of the world from various continents are left behind as far as innovation is concerned. Some countries cannot manufacture their own products, it is either they import the workforce or the product itself. Such nations still need the ancient ideas. Section II What would be some of the key drawbacks or risks of living in the flat world of Globalisation 3.0 as Friedman describes it? According to Friedman, flat world is a podium, where there are no blockades and people can work, be in touch and integrate across boundaries. However, there are several drawbacks or dangers of existing in a flat world. These include; Business principles that condense freedom of organization Diversity that leads to different thoughts People creating their own regulations to do business since there are no boundaries Do you agree with Friedmans iron rule of the flat world? Explain. The flat world can allow anybody to do anything they want. In the wake up of technological development, people can transact without much struggle, for example, you visit a website to book, download and print tickets as well as bar codes for the purpose of boarding a plane or a bus. I agree with Friemans rule since people will always learn new things and do what they like at their comfort zones. Is the level of globalisation uniform across the world? Explain. The level of globalization is not uniform. Since its introduction, economy of different nations has changed. There is larger option before the consumers, who now enjoy the enhanced quality and lower prices of several items. However, the other side of the real issue is not very clear. The elasticity in labor laws has worsened the status of the workers since some are appointed on non-regular foundation to avoid facility of provident fund and other amenities. In some nations, workers are forced to work extra hours with no overtime being paid. Besides, small scale businesses have been also affected negatively since they are unable to compete with companies that operate in large scale. Conclusion Generally, there would also be industries around the world, which need the well thought-out appliance of the ideas as mentioned in the above question. Because the theory of Taylorism or scientific management though initiated a century ago, the guiding philosophies which are tied and connected via this theory have a long-term impact. The principle division of labor, motivating and giving incentives to hard-working employees, the introduction of uncomplicated production methodologies is golden regulations for set up ventures (Grubb Tremblay, 2015, p.244). Correct application and the use of these philosophies in the current era guarantee success to any organization. Both Taylorism and Fordism are defensible for promoting production; however, they require connections to large use. References Giannantonio, CM, Hurley-Hanson, AE 2011, 'Frederick Winslow Taylor: Reflections on the Relevance of The Principles of Scientific Management 100 Years Later', Journal of Business Management, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 7-10. Minshall, T 2015, 'Strategic Management of Technological Innovation', RD Management, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 609-610. Available from: 10.1111/radm.12104. [21 April 2018]. Varadarajan, R 2017, 'Innovating for sustainability: a framework for sustainable innovations and a model of sustainable innovations orientation', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 14-36. Available from: 10.1007/s11747-015-0461-6. [21 April 2018]. Chung, CH 2013, 'The Road Not Taken: Putting "Management" Back to Taylor's Scientific Management', Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (1947-2900), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 45-56. Yashiro, N, De Backer, K 2011, 'Global value chains in a postcrisis world: A development perspective. Edited by Olivier CATTANEO, Gary GEREFFI and Cornelia STARITZ', International Labour Review, vol. 150, no. 3-4, pp. 367-369. Available from: 10.1111/j.1564-913X.2011.00121.x. [21 April 2018]. Grubb, M, Tremblay, V 2015, 'Introduction: Behavioral Industrial Organization', Review of IndustrialOrganization, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 243-245. Available from: 10.1007/s11151-015-9475-y. [21 April 2018].

Management of Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital

Executive Summary The kitchen and cafeteria section of Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital provides a vital role of ensuring sustainable provision for food and refreshment to all its stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Management of Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order for the hospital to realize its strategic plan according to Patrick et al (1993), the kitchen and cafeteria department seems to be prompted to redefine its organization culture in tandem with the technology and economic status of the hospital without compromising the quality of foods been served to the patients and staff. The hospital faces a major predicament of timely and quality service delivery. Meals are supposed to be ready on time. In fact, some patients need special diet, a predetermined menu will not be ideal for such cases according to Hofstede (1980).The kitchen supervisor should have a g ood working relationship with other operational workers needs motivation and appreciated. During Mrs. Ann Burton’s tenure as a food service manager, she kept a close tie with workers and she could establish their needs and in turn, workers would feel personal job satisfaction. However, Mrs. Ann Burton’s management style according to Carver et al (2001) rendered itself to a strong working culture of consultation; this is according to Cameron et al (1999). The workers later could later fail to accept the new autocratic management style that was brought by Keith. No matter the effort of Keith to bring harmony and efficiency in cafeteria, He seemed to fail to involve workers when he was making decisions, a situation that rendered him to hire a young graduate who would have energy to forcibly push on his management style at the expense of experienced workers who knew their work and all what they required was motivation. Problem Identification and Analysis The source of the management crisis in Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital is drastic change of organization culture, according to Shein (1992) which was left by Mrs. Ann Burton. The cafeteria staffs enjoyed and felt motivated according to Cofer et al (1967). They worked in a friendship and family manner without adhering to any sense of orderliness. The workers seem to be very resilient to protect their working culture by all means no matter the effort of the new Keith- Food Manager to set-up control measures and changing job descriptions. Keith’s new autocratic management style was doomed to compromise kitchen and cafeteria standards because the staff is very demoralized and there was also the likelihood of staff resigning their jobs.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was imminent failure of the former deceased’s food service manager, Mrs. Ann, who did not orient the kitc hen staff to set objectives, a situation which had aggravated the basis of the negative working culture among the kitchen staff. This situation was evident by the resignation of Mrs. Angela immediately after the death of Ann. Her impromptu decision to resign confirmed an escape strategy and her unwillingness to address the underlying issues of lack of objectives and goals by some staff, it was also apparent that she did not have courage like Keith to face the underlying management issues head on, a situation she knew all along, according to Black (2003). The working environment would lead to the cafeteria operating on losses and even a bloated work force. The hiring of a graduate, Ms. Madison, aggravated the management crisis in the kitchen because she was inexperienced to offer competence supervisory skills, actually, she would have required time to learn the working behavior of the kitchen staff, unfortunately she practiced Keith’s management skills inflicting harsh measure s to workers and now alleviated Keith walk around managerial tactics causing him to be less involved in the occurrence and operation of the kitchen. On the other hand, Ms Madison felt the experienced kitchen workers were not respectful and she decided to stamp her authority by issuing warning letters to Ms. Julia, She would have used diplomatic measures or verbal warning as after disagreement. Eventually, the kitchen staff seemed to have agreed to keep a low profile of the strict management style and evidently chosen to work below their potential. A situation that is likely to hinder the hospital administration failed to meet the ultimate goal of offering high standards to their patients and other stakeholders. Statement of Major problem It is imminent that the management crisis in Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital was as a result of an organization culture that requires being refined which was affecting the performance and efficiency of the food and cafeteria department. The approac h to mitigate this culture should have been be planned and communicated by the management of the hospital. The choice of authoritative management by Keith was rewarding negatively on the optimum performance of the cafeteria and kitchen and more so, a burden to the old staff that had not been exposed to this type of management, they needed to be given enough time to learn on the job new management style as time goes by. At the same time Mr. Keith had to take on board the views of all kitchen staff and did not to deny them their right of job satisfactions, fringe benefits, collegiality and over-time allowance.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Management of Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was also the tendency or element of Keith failing to appraise and appreciate the effort of the kitchen staff, rendering them to feel like their work was a punishment. He did not at any i ncidence appreciate the effort of the workers but instead he withdrew their fringe benefits such as coffee and break time among other withdrawals. Moreover, subjecting kitchen staff to mop the floor instead of cleaners was intimidating and unappreciative of the role of kitchen staff that performed a task that even cleaners cannot carry out if roles had been substituted. The entire work force for the kitchen and cafeteria department developed low morale to carry out their duties because they were not involved in changing organization the culture and the fact that Keith had not been able to establish a healthy working environment with them, he did not communicate the change of policy in a courteous manner. The entire cafeteria workforce felt intimidated by the drastic change of management style and would missed the days of Mrs. Ann because Keith was not working closely with them. There was a feeling of loss of direction because Keith was only issuing directives, a situation they were not used to and it would take time for them to comprehend with this new working environments. It would have been prudent for Keith to realize how desperate the workforce depended on him for support and motivation. This situation would have been an opportunity for Keith to grab in order to influence the kitchen workers to comply his new bureaucratic administration of cafeteria operations. Another weakness or a problem facing the hospital was a lack of appraisal for the kitchen supervisor who required constant review of her objectives and performance. This would have been effectively affected by Keith because the supervisor reported directly to him. In fact, the appraisal exercise would have been clearly used as a tool to anticipate the kitchen problems before quality and efficiency got compromised. Ms. Madison being a young graduate, young and not overwhelmed would also have appraised the kitchen staff so that they were also held accountable with what they did in the kitchen. Apprais al of objective would also have been used to eliminate and mould the new organization culture at an individual level because the current kitchen staff were too dependent on their supervisor’s directives and would always reject any mode and ways of changing their working culture that has become their comfort zone.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generation and Evaluation of a range of Alternative Solutions Toward evaluating and redefining the organization culture according to Shein (1992), it is paramount for the hospital administration to empower workers to dedicate the organizational culture to the hospital’s vision and mission. The deceased, Ann, had managed to compel workers to integrate the organizational culture in their work which was evident on high performance and quality services of cafeteria by then. Not all organizational cultures are bad or negative according to Hofstede (1980).Some cultures are effectively used to aid and instill a great warm working relationship. Therefore, any strategy to review the organizational culture should be addressed with extreme consideration to avoid long term resistance by an already motivated workforce. The prevailing existence of a discontented workforce at Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital – cafeteria ad kitchen department cannot be dismissed with introduction of n ew workforce composed of young graduates. What is required is management to establish motivation strategies such as team building, better heath schemes, training among others. Such measures would come in handy in redefining the organization culture and orderliness in cafeteria and kitchen. The workers’ efforts in all processes of cafeteria and kitchen need to be recognized and appreciated. According to Carlson et al (2009) appreciation is psychological and ultimately affects the behavior of workers towards how they perform their duties responsibly. In itself, appreciation cannot be quantified but ultimately translates to a good working relation that benefits all stake holders of the Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital. Patients will also benefit with good and quality food that would aid their quick recovery and continued loyalty to the hospital and serves as good ambassadors’ of the hospital. Despite the negative working culture, the team spirit of workers was inadequate because there was neither informal nor formal evidence of workers putting effort together for a common purpose, according to Cameron et al (1999). The workers’ welfare serves as an indicator of workers’ spirit of togetherness and if such alignment can be integrated to the working environment, workers can form an amicable team that would be creative and efficient. The kitchen staff was noted to have enjoyed chatting and sipping coffee during their break time, a gathering that would not have been referred as a reflection team spirit but was a strategy of passing time. Recommendations The apparent status quo of management crisis in Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital requires an urgent team building workshop to impact a new culture of team spirit and a forum to capture personal issues that could be affecting each worker according to Patrick et al (1993). The team building should be done on a different environment to psychologically acquit workers to expose and reflect their working issues. The facilitator of the team building should be a neutral party and should portal leadership quality in order to compel workers not to feel threatened by speaking their mind about their work without a notion or feeling the repercussion if administration will victimize them. The team building will also serve as an opportunity for forgiveness and reconciliation, workers-Julia will be able to reconsider restoring working well with Ms Madison and forget their difference. Moreover, Keith would use team building to capture the other positive character of the kitchen staffs and even trust their effort. Besides, the team building, it is important for the hospital administration to come up with effective motivation strategy according to Carver et al. (2001).The greatest managerial persuasion and Influence tool is motivation. A motivated workforce concerns itself with productive efforts. It should be open minded and embrace changes. Therefore, the director of Sir Charles Wilber force Hospital should give a priority to formulate and come up with motivation scheme. Remuneration alone according to Thomas (2004) does not provide adequate motivation compared to other behavioral hygienic working conditions such as medical schemes, token of appreciations, training, provident funds among other. In an event that the hospital administration adopts motivation strategies, there will be a realization of improved performance and staffs will be contended with their duties. The kitchen workforce requires to be trained on how to set their own objects. The advantages of this management tactic will be to empower them to be their own bosses and to make them relevant to their day to day job in easy and diplomatic methods. The appraisal mechanism will ease the supervisor burden and make her venture into other duties that are paramount to the service delivery and an opportunity for her to carry out research on upcoming food menus and other areas that would promote the hospital i mage. The kitchen supervisor and in liaison with the Keith- Kitchen supervisor should out source a workshop to train workers on performance management system. This tool will be used to justify the laying down redundant worker who have out lived their productivity age. The tool will also be an opportunity for the energetic workers who are ambitious to get promotion and have never come close to reach their ambition due to their supervisor’s preferences. The performance management tool will be conversant to the top management of the hospital and they will easily get acquainted with the performance of the hospital without requiring the long board room meetings. During the appraisal of the objectives, workers can use this opportunity to lists the factors hindering their performance and if the issue addressed the hospital will benefit with acquisition of new facilities and at the same time realize improved performance according to Kapfere (2008). The cafeteria and kitchen superviso r- Keith should think of establishing a customer care representative who will be in charge of responding to issues and complaints from parents and other staff members. With the eventual filling of this position it is necessary also to look for mechanism to motivate and empower the office bearer. Implementation In the realization of the recommendations that a team building should be conduct, Keith the kitchen and cafeteria supervisor should write a proposal for both team building and motivation strategy of which he deems to be viable to solve the current problem of management crisis and bad organization culture. According to the protocol Keith should present the proposal document to the Hospital director- Mr. Dev. He ought to defend his case and convince Mr. Dev about the benefits of the exercise compared to the cost of both team building and motivation strategies. He should introduce the facilitator of team building to formally meet Mr. Dev so that he/she would respond to any issues that Mr. Dev would be having and the subsequent planning of the venue, reservation and other logistics. It is therefore important at the recommendation stage to lay down proper mechanisms to integrate an ideal organizational culture according to Carlson (2009). The recommendation face should be integrated in phases to avoid running down the mechanisms and logistics for doing that. The aspect of addressing individual differences and the setting up of proper communication and sensitization measures to tackle people who may be resentful is vital aspect of this stage This is bound to help the implementers meet cooperative employees who are ready to help with new ideas or to offer any help needed according to Black (2003). With the ratification of the money to be incurred in the team building and motivation respectively by Mr. Dev and in liaison with account department of the hospital, Keith is required to conduct a meeting with all kitchen staffs and communicate to them about the objec tives, date, venue and other preparations. Keith should also communicate the mechanism that he intends to put in place to substitute the kitchen and cafeteria roles because the hospital cannot be closed due to the team building exercise. He should out source a reliable company to provide food service to the hospital for the few days of the team building according to Cameron et al (1999). All the staff should be given the materials needed in the workshop and it should be communicated that during the workshop, the staff should behave according to the core values of the hospital. References Black, R 2003, Organizational Culture: Creating the Influence Needed for Strategic Success, London, UK. Cameron et al. 1999, Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework, Prentice Hall. Carlson, N 2009, Psychology the Science of Behaviors, Pearson Education, Toronto, Canada. Carver et al 2001, On the self-regulation of behavior, Cambridge University Press, New York. Cofer et al 1967, Motivation: Theory and Research, John Wiley Sons, London. Hofstede, G 1980, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. Kapfere, N 2008, The new strategic brand management creating and sustaining brand equity long term, Kogan Page Publishers, London. Patrick et al 1993, Successful Strategic Planning: A Guide for Nonprofit Agencies and Organizations, Sage Publications, Newbury Park. Shein, E 1992, Organizational: Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Thomas, J 2004, Guide to Managerial Persuasion and Influence, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. This case study on Management of Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital was written and submitted by user Bobby B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Effects of Administration Failure on Torture essay

buy custom Effects of Administration Failure on Torture essay Introduction There have been a lot of humans being abused in Iraq after its invasion by the US. These human tortures were being committed by the US military in conjunction with other intelligence agencies. There was wide spread of torture with the Iraq interior ministry subjecting the prisoners to torture. There are circumstanced under which the countries involved in the invasion must be held accountable for the immoral acts that were inflicted to the Iraq prisoners. The military were using torture as a method of obtaining intelligent information from the prisoners, and they would routinely inflict physical and mental injuries to the prisoners. The acts of tortures were known by the various department of the command. These departments never took any steps in preventing the abuses by the military to the prisoners. The account of the soldiers is a clear indication of how there was the failure by the administration to insist on the adherence of law to its military personnel, which may have been the contributor to the prisoners torture by the US soldiers. The individuals cognitive moral development is the stage that determines how ethical dilemmas are thought by individuals in deciding what is right or wrong in a situation (Trevino, 1986). The military effort to conduct investigation is seen as to target the junior officers not regarding the upper chain of command. There were several reason why there was a wide spread of abuse of prisoners in Iraq as there was no leadership guidance to these prison camps. These abuses to the Iraq prisoners were emanating far up the chain of command of the US administration, and the refusal to a dhere to the international convection on the proper treatment of war prisoners (UniversalPeriodicReview, 2010). The most damaging violation of human right is torture which, has been declared by the UN to be inherent violator of human right. There has been a tremendous use of torture to prisoners around the world. The physical and mental sufferings are usually inflicted with the purpose of obtaining information or confession by the victims. The aftermath of torture is suffering from the psychological trauma, though there are instances by which some victims prove to be better off in coping with the trauma (Gamble, 2011). The torture victims with positive attitudes of recovery from torture, become less anxious, and thus they are perfect in adjusting to the society. The psychological effects also have the tendency of affecting those who commit these acts, although it is not well known the psychological effects to those who commit torture. The torture acts that were committed to the Iraq prisoners of war were propagated by the fact that; the governments that were involved in the invasion of Iraq failed to prevent the prisoners from inhuman treatment by their soldiers. This was due to the extent of the job which has an impact to the individual moral development (Trevino, 1986). Under the CAT regulation, US government was under obligation to prevent these abuses. The breach of the CAT regulations by the US government indicates that it was responsible for allowing the torturing of these prisoners. The requirement of the international laws, in respect to the human rights provides that, the occupying country has the responsbility to the country occupied of which, the US and its allies failed to provide (Carayon, 2007). The Iraq prisoners were subjecte d to violation by the US troops, describing it to be plans of enhancing security to the forces. The situations that the prisoners were subjected were intolerable and inhuman, as the arrests were unwarranted for (UniversalPeriodicReview, 2010). The prisoners were not allowed to access counsel at the times of interrogations, which were conducted by the same units of arresting. There was an increase in involvement of intelligence personnel in cases of murder, which was as a result of torture, with a phenomenon of bodies scattered in the country, with signs of torture. There was a continued deteriorating of the camps conditions and inhuman treatment of these prisoners. There was the lack of the camps administration involvement which had an effect of delaying the prisoners cases, thus extending the review of their cases. The increasing number of the judicial authorities and the personnel did not have an effect that could facilitate the completion of the detainees cases. This did not aid in solving the problem due to the continued arrests by the authorities (UniversalPeriodicReview, 2010). The US occupational forces were using the ugliest methods of interrogation to the prisoners, and yet they were not able to charge them of any crime, thus handing them to the next cycle of suffering under the Iraq authority. The victims released by the occupational forces were then rearrested by the Iraq authority, rendering them again to torture. There was a wide spread phenomenon of the systematic abuses of the prisoners that included torture and inhuman degrading treatment by the US interrogators. The behaviors of the soldiers were with a particular cognitive level, but their morals in the social context were influenced by the situation. this led to them committing act that were unethical though it was not an individual character (Trevino, 1986).This was a revelation of how the US administration had established a camp for Iraq prisoners mistreatment, and deaths that were as a result of torture. There was an indicator that these illegal means were perpetrated by the US administration through the military forces. The feature of impunity was dominant, as all the perpetrators of the abuses were immune which they received in advance by the officials of the US administration, to adopt a variety of methods to the prisoners. The procedures that were taken by the US regarding their accountability to the abuses, was propagated to abs orb the peoples anger, and later the charges were either dropped or lighter sentences were handed, which hardly matched the crimes of atrocities that were committed. There were no efforts by the military to conduct investigations that were broader; that would focus how the command chain involved in perpetrating the reported abuses. The abuses were even committed by the US best trained, and respected units and this describes how the techniques of interrogating were known to the officers in higher offices, as they were ordered by the military intelligence (HumanRightWatch, 2005). Guidance on how the military was supposed to treat the prisoners was not effective as it lacked the key elements to guide the soldiers relations with the prisoners. The administration of the US did not insist on its military personnel on the recognized, lawful and standards that are well defined, and this contributed to the torturing of the prisoners. The confusion of the ranks due to legal sanctions that exposed the soldiers when there was an occurrence of abuses. This changed the way and positions of those who wished to act honorably, due to the betrayal by the policies in place to soldiers (HumanRightWatch, 2005). The US administration had decided not to apply the Geneva Convention, even though it was stating that the convention was in effect. The prisoners torture was used as a mean of releasing stress by the military personnel as they would visit the prisoners camp while off duty to torture them. The treatment of the detainees was directed by the military intelligence and the officers that were in charge of the guards. This would in turn change the good people to become bad due to the situations they are subjected at the camps (Zimbardo). The safeguarding of the prisoners wads supposed to be undertaken by the military police, as it was accorded by the army field manual, and the maintaining of these captives. The repression of the soldiers by their command made them to turn to inhuman acts. The use of soldiers to safeguard the prisoners and preparation of them for interrogation was indeed a violation of the manual, instead of them being looked after by the military police. Failure of the leadership to provide good had led the soldiers themselves to deve4lop policies that they adopted in preparation of the prisoners for interrogation, as anything that was allowed to, happen had to happen, and this entire trend were acceptable (Carayon, 2007). Most of the military personnel used the aspect of human nature when torturing the prisoners, as they had gained the authority in handling the prisoners. The soldiers in Iraq were not interacting with the intelligent agencies on the various methods employed in stressing prisoners. Subjection to this situation enhanced the military learn on stressing changing their moral behaviors. The interrogation ugly, but the military became accustomed. This was due to lack of moral resources as there were no preventive measures for immoral behavi or thus, lack of respect and sympathy to others leading to committing of atrocities. This had an adverse effect to soldiers as they turned to the prison camps to drain their frustration on the prisoners. Conclusion The US administration was thus responsible for not preventing these acts of abuse by its military as it had disregarded the Geneva Convention, arguing that they convention was not effective in pursuance of the terrorists. This decision was the main influence to inhumane treatment of the prisoners in Iraq by the US forces. There was no adherence to the rule of law that concerned treatment of prisoners of war. The disregard of the Geneva Convention precisely, led the US forces in Iraq to apply basic rules while handling the prisoners, which in essence lacked ethic as this was a form of dehumanization. The influence of behavior and control are enhanced by the situation, and this helps in understanding and recognition of the social structure and situations. Buy custom Effects of Administration Failure on Torture essay

How to Write Compelling Dialogue

How to Write Compelling Dialogue Skillfully used, dialogue can pull a reader into a book and mesmerize that person. It also provides easy reading and quickly moves the reader along as opposed to pages upon pages of descriptive wordings and phrases. Nobody has to learn about speech, it’s an integral part of our society. We engage in dialogue everyday whether it’s with another individual, over the phone, to our pets or even to ourselves. Dialogue is the most natural way society has of conveying information to one another. There is a trick however, to creating natural sounding dialogue in a book. When you listen to people talk, their sentences are fragmented, disjointed and typically peppered with slang, cuss words and fillers such as â€Å"uh, well, like, um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Their facial and body expressions fill in the rest. It wouldn’t make much sense if you were to write dialogue exactly as you hear it. When writing dialogue, one must be able to convey conversation between characters in a natural , skillful way that doesn’t seem contrived. An adroit writer will use dialogue to convey the history, personality or description of a character, to create a mood or setting. Instead of droning on and on in a paragraph describing the setting, how a person looks or the mood and risk putting your reader to sleep, use dialogue to convey that information. Show the personality of your character by the way you have them speak. If you’re portraying a gangster then pepper their dialogue with slang and name calling. Convey the fact that they’re in a gang by making references to it in conversation. Portray a professional, perhaps a lawyer, by having him speak in a very eloquent manner using intellectual words. There would be no need to describe that he was a highly intelligent man who spoke well or even dressed well. Those can be shown through dialogue. You can even adopt a masculine or feminine way of speech to fit the gender of your character. What you want to do is create a picture of that character in the reader’s mind. Show the reader with your words and allow the reader to develop the picture in their minds. Make references to the past in conversations. This gives the readers an insight into what drives the character in the story. Create pictures for them using dialogue. Make it so that the reader can read and say â€Å"Aha, so that’s where he got his murderous tendencies†, after reading a dialogue showing how his father beat him senseless as a boy. Set the mood by using dialogue. Show the reader what a romantic night your characters are experiencing by having them reference the setting in their conversation. Instead of saying she got the matches out and lit the candles on the table. Use dialogue, such as â€Å"Hey babe, would you light the candles for me?† Using dialogue to show candles on a table is much more interesting than describing the action of getting the matches and lighting them. Describe someone by having two characters talk about them rather than going into an actual play by play of a physical description. For instance, if a woman had spiky red hair, you could show two other people commenting on how she must have spent a fortune getting her hair cut and dyed. Plus the fact that now she’s going to have to spend extra time every morning gelling and shaping her hair into spikes. Properly used in dialogue the reader can get a sense of resentment from the two who are having the conversation about the woman. Remember to read the dialogue out loud to yourself so you can get a sense of how it sounds to your ears. If it doesn’t flow or sound natural, then the reader isn’t going to identify with it. This is an extremely important part in creating compelling dialogue; getting the conversation to sound as if it could actually be taking place. If you find yourself hitting an awkward spot in the dialogue, then your readers most likely will too. Don’t get too carried away with dialects and slang. If it gets too complicated to read and follow, the reader most likely will put your book down. Another important thing to remember is not to get too carried away with the length of their responses. Most people speak in shorter spurts back and forth. The only time you’ll find someone going on and on would most likely be someone giving a speech or telling a story. Use dialogue to convey emotion. A simple one word response such as a curt â€Å"No† can indicate someone†™s impatience with another. Don’t insult a reader’s intelligence by telling him exactly how everything looked, felt or was. Readers have vivid imaginations and a big part of the lure of reading is to be able to figure out and visualize the spoken words into the bigger picture of the story.

Indigenous land claims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Indigenous land claims - Essay Example In fact, even after gaining independence and sovereignty, the colonial masters have always been reluctant to hand over indigenous land to the indigenous people. Landlessness is one of the significant indicators of extreme poverty levels across the globe. Actually, poor citizens mostly live in rural areas, rely on agriculture, and agricultural labor to survive. However, they do not own these pieces of land (Landesa, 2012, p.1). In the modern times, all land belongs to the government with the citizens exercising use and care over land. Through various government land commissions, the government issues ownership certificates to qualified individuals, regulates and controls use of all land in a given state. Possession, use, registration, or even land claims are important yet very difficult procedures in matters relating to land. It is usually very difficult for the government to honor indigenous land rights and land claims have always resulted to violence and court cases.  However, the re have been various claims over land all over the world by the indigenous people in specific nations from the government, colonial masters, or caretakers. A land claim is a formal statement submitted to the federal and/or provincial government by an Aboriginal community asserting violation to commitments or obligations relating to Aboriginal land rights (Darling, 2012, p.1). While it is much easier to launch a land claim against a registered land, it is much difficult to claim a right over unregistered land. This paper will address the content and significance of the central land rights claims made by indigenous people, mostly indigenous people in Australia. Like other traditional inhabitants, the indigenous people of Australia have been in existence, occupying, and using indigenous land for more than 60 000 years. Although they have greatly evolved with time just like the uses of land, the significance of land in sustaining

Events Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Events Strategy - Essay Example To do these, Nokia forged tie ups with partners which include Microsoft Communicator Mobile, towards the enhancement of unified communications proposition (Microsoft Communicator Mobile for Nokia Debuts 2010). As a result, new applications for new handsets have been released, initially available to certain models such as E72 and E52. On top of these, there are also new features that aim at achieving customer convenience – the touch screen feature similar to Iphone, mobile internet browsing using the latest technologies, development of Ovi maps, among others. These consumer-friendly features are what drive the company to further work on its Marketing, Advertising and Promotional activities to reach the target market. Half of the job is to continue developing the brand, while half is to continue developing the market reach through advertisements and events. Nokia was a paper and rubber business back in the 1800s, eventually transforming into a cable and electronic business during the first decades of the 1900s. In 1979, it focused on the mobile phone making business (Story of Nokia 2010). However, it was in 1992 that they made a strategic decision to focus on Telecommunications by launching its 2100 series which sold approximately 300% more than the target (Nokia History 2010). Nokia remains to be the world’s top selling handset manufacturer with market share of 35% versus over ten competitor brands during the first quarter of 2010. However, this reflects a decline of 1.2% from last year’s sales, presumably from the decline in sales of their high end phones. What constitutes the current market share is the presence of its mid end phones that offers both benefits and cost efficiency (Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 17% In First Quarter 2010). As such, with the continuous product development of the other handset manufacturers, Nokia is pressured to maintain market stature as the leading company. Nokia

Dramatic Irony to Build the Character of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Dramatic Irony to Build the Character of Macbeth Essay Macbeth, there’s a passage in which the King is speaking with Banquo and Macbeth. They are in the King’s palace, commenting about Macbeth becoming Thane of Cawdor. One of the literary resources that Shakespeare constantly uses is irony. In this case, he uses dramatic irony, in which the audience is aware of a situation that the other characters are not familiar with. In this specific circumstance, he uses the irony to build up the character of Macbeth, to let the audience judge him themselves. There are various examples in which the dramatic irony is explicit. The King has high expectations of the deeds that Macbeth is going to fulfill. He trusts Macbeth and he has just been assigned to be Thane of Cawdor. â€Å"He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust†. The King is referring to the former Thane of Cawdor who betrayed him, he’s committing the same mistake twice, but he seems to be too naive, not considering the fact that maybe Macbeth can betray him too. Macbeth is not planning on doing so yet, but he is being tempted to. The audience knows that Macbeth has spoken to the three witches, that he has the idea of becoming king in his mind, the king doesn’t know this. Macbeth has been presented to us as a good person, not evil. He doesn’t seem to have any plans against the king, or against anybody, he seems to be honest and pacific. We think like this and so do the rest of the characters. The problem is that an obstacle has been placed in his way, he has been tempted, he is being manipulated into becoming greedy and ambitious. Temptation is attacking his mind, one can clearly identify this in his aside, â€Å"let not light see my black and deep desires† . He is admitting to himself that he is feeling inducement to commit a crime in order to get to the crown. The situational irony here is present because of the fact that the king is saying wonderful comments about Macbeth and he is answering him with all respect and honor, but the audience hears his aside, proving him to be kind of a hypocrite. The image the spectators have of Macbeth is beginning to change. Macbeth praises the King in each and every one of his sentences. He continues telling him how hard he is going to work for him, how much he honors him and what a pleasure it is to work directly for him. The viewers start to question the veracity of Macbeth’s statements. He seems to be trying to convince the King to trust him, when Macbeth doesn’t even trust himself because he is very confused. â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe, / In doing it, pays itself. † Macbeth seems to be honest when he speaks these words, but when we listen to his soliloquy we doubt this. This is what builds the situational irony again. The dramatic irony is a tool for the audience to learn more about the character of Macbeth. The listeners used to think that Macbeth was impulsive, naive, and good hearted, after this scene, people start to question that. This aims to the theme of the play, â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair† . There’s confusion between what’s right and what’s wrong. To this point, the spectators don’t know what to think about Macbeth, it is all summarized in what the king said, â€Å"There’s no art / To find the mind’s construction in the face. † No matter what your image of somebody is, there’s a fifty/fifty chance that this is false.

Fahrenheit 451: The Hope Of The Phoenix :: essays research papers

Fahrenheit 451: The Hope of the Phoenix The word phoenix had symbolize immortality, but for the people in Fahrenheit 451, their only hope was that the phoenix would be burn out, and be reborn again. The myth of the phoenix gave optimism to the life of Montag, to the books, and to the world of Fahrenheit 451. The world was now dying, and nobody seemed to care, because the government had brainwashed the people. It was a situation, where not only the brave, but the ones who can think for themselves, who can help break the government's control. The life Montag had been a bumpy road. He thought he had a good life, because he enjoyed his job, and was happy. Soon Montag discovered that he was not happy at all, and that his life was nothing. His wife Mildred did not love him at all, and his only friend (that he could remember) Clarisse died in a car crash. All of sudden, he was not happy, but he did not know why. He thought maybe because his wife had pulled the fire alarm on him, but really it was he did not love her at all. "It's strange, I don't miss her at all(155)" Montag had uncertainly about his marriage, because marriage was suppose to be bonded with love, but with his marriage love was extinct and nowhere to be seen. His life had died, when his wife Mildred pulled the alarm and had told the firemen that Montag had books. To Montag, the books was like a sweet piece of candy. He did not know why he liked them, but he always wanted more. But when Captain Beatty forced Montag to burn his own house, Montag's soul had died, but then resurrected. His life which was suppose to be happy was burning right in front of his eyes. How ironic, that Montag was a fireman himself but like the phoenix, Montag rose from his own ashes. Montag was now reborn, because he knew his life was wrong, and that the world was wrong. He did not know why it was wrong, but he knew that he had to do something about it. He started that by burning Captain Beatty into "a charred wax doll(119)". Montag now had the feeling of hope, not much since he believed he could not do anything. But Montag had now broken the control of the government and was using the books as his aid. How ironic, in the real world, people were always talking about how people wasted paper, which mean wasting trees, but in the world of

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is a new multidisciplinary science interfering with many research areas and aspects. This technology deals with so small particles ranges from 1 to 100 nm (Birla et al., 2009; Husseiny et al., 2015). Nanoparticles of some metals like Au, Ag, Pt and Cu have paid more attention because of their biotechnological benefits (Rai and Duran, 2011). Research revealed the multiapplication of nanoparticle due to their unique properties in electronics, medicine, agriculture, pharmaceutic and environment (Nanda and Majeed, 2014; Dasgupta et al., 2015). Metal nanoparticles emerged as an alternative variety of antibacterial agents against strains of high resistance to the classical antibiotics (Naseem and Farrukh, 2015). Nanoparticles were used as antiviral agents (Gaikwad et al., 2013), effective antibacterial (Singh et al., 2013), cancer cells and antitumor (Daenen et al., 2014). Many researches have been directed to apply the nanoparticles of metals as anthelmintic (Garga and Chandrab, 2012), antifungal (Kim et al., 2012), antiprotozoal (Said et al., 2012), , acaricidal (Marimuthu et al., 2013) and larvicidal (Muthukumaran et al., 2015). Nanoparticles have many chemical and physical characteristics that differ from the metallic particles. Specific characteristics of nanoparticles such as their optical, physicochemical, mechanical properties make them crucial in many applications. Therefore, nanoparticles could be the key factor for the future technologies. Scientific as well as public associations are paying their attention for nanoparticles technology as a good investment source. Nanoparticles could be produced via physical, chemical or biological methods (Haider and Kang, 2015; Ebrahiminezhad et al., 2017). Both chemical and physical methods use reducing agents such as sodium borohydride, sodium citrate and alcohols (Rai and Duran, 2011). However, using of microorganisms in synthesis of nanoparticles represents another great achievement because of the economic and ease production (Shelar and Chavan, 2014; Patel et al., 2015). Research revealed that biological methods is an inexpensive and eco-friendly way for synthesis of nanoparticles. This method used biological agents including bacteria, fungi, yeast and plants (Mourato et al., 2011). Recently, emerging such microorganisms as eco-friendly nano-factories to manufacture inorganic nanoparticles was attractive (Lee et al., 2004; Lengke et al., 2007). Fungi were mentioned as excellent candidates for metal nanoparticle synthesis because they contain many of enzymes that induce the production (Sastry et al., 2003). It was assumed that the mechanism involved in nanoparticles production by fungi was due to cell wall sugars that could reduce the metal ions (Mukherjee et al., 2002) and because they have the high cell wall binding capacity, metal uptake and secrete more amounts of proteins lead to the higher productivity of nanoparticles (Vahabi et al., 2011). Fungi have some advantages over the other microorganisms regarding the synthesis of NPs, because fungal mycelia are able to resist pressure, high temperature and easy storage in the laboratory (Kiran et al., 2016). There are many of metals for biosynthesis (NPs) such as copper, zinc, iron, iron trichloride, lead carbonate, gold and silver (Siddiqi and Husen, 2016). In addition, silver NPs could be synthesized by fungi either intracellularly or extracellularly but the extracellular biosynthesis downstream process much easier and showed more activities against many pathogens (Ahmad et al., 2003). Among the active fungi that were reported to produce nanoparticles; Rhizopous oryzae produced nanoparticles intracellularly of gold (Das et al., 2012), Verticillium sp extracellularly peodcued gold and silver nanoparticles (Soni and Prakash, 2014) in the size range of 20–51 nm. However, F. oxysporum produced nanoparticles of silver of 5–15 nm and 8-14 nm in diameter extracellularly (Ahmad et al., 2003; Senapati et al., 2005). Many other fungi were approved for their productivity of nanoparticles of different metals either extracellularly or intracellularly including: Phoma sp. (Chen et al., 2003), the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. (Shankar et al., 2003), Aspergillus fumigatus (Kuber and D'Souza, 2006) , Fusarium acuminatum (Ingle et al., 2008) , Trichoderma asperellum (Mukherjee et al., 2008), F. semitectum (Sawle et al., 2008), Phoma glomerate (Birla et al. 2009), F. solani (Ingle et al., 2009) , plant pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger (Gade et al., 2008; Jaidev and Narasimha, 2010), Aspergillus flavus (Vigneshwaran et al., 2007; Jain et al., 2011) , Paecilomyces lilacinus (Devi and Joshi, 2012), endophytic fungus Pencillium sp. (Singh et al., 2013), Aspergillus foetidus (Roy and Das, 2014), Rhizopus stolonifer (AbdelRahim et al., 2017), Penicillium Oxalicum (Bhattacharjee et al., 2017) and Trichoderma atroviride (Saravanakumar and Wang, 2018). Many recent reports have shown that production of nanoparticles by fungi are could be affected by various condition of temperature, biomass weight, time and pH ( Balakumaran et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Othman et al., 2017). Husseiny et al. (2015) reported that most important factors that were affecting the biosynthesis of AgNPs were the temperature, pH, time, the concentration of AgNO3 and amount biomass. Narayanan and Sakthivel (2010) approved that incubation at 27 0C for 72 h with 7 pH and 10 g of the fungal biomass and 1mM concentration of AgNPs were considered the optimum conditions for production of AgNPs from AgNO3 by fungi. Researches showed some variations in the characteristics of the biosynthesized AgNPs by different fungal species. These variations could be due to the source of fungal isolates or strains and types of medium (Devi and Joshi, 2012; Roy and Das, 2014). When Alam et al. (2017) compared the different types of media, they found Czapex dox broth was a good medium to produce enough mycelial biomass to synthesize AgNPs. This because this medium contains essential carbon and nitrogen source along with other vital macro and micronutrients such as magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, iron and zinc which are vital for fungal growth.Nowadays, application of AgNPs confirmed their effectiveness in treatment of cancer, bone implant, anti-inflammatory and their biocidal activity against many bacteria and pathogens (Husseiny et al., 2015; Majeed et al., 2016). The antibacterial properties of AgNPs are due to the oxidation and liberation of Ag+ ions into the environment that makes it an ideal biocidal agent (Sivakumar et al., 2015). It is expected that the large surface area to volume ratio as well as high fraction of the surface atoms of the nanoparticles increase their antimicrobial activity as compared with bulk silver metal (Joy and Johnson, 2015). Moreover, the small size of the nanoparticles facilitates their penetration inside the cell. Additionally, excellent antibacterial properties exhibited by AgNPs are due to their well-developed surface which provides maximum contact with the environment (Mitiku and Yilma, 2017). Recent research approved the antibacterial activity of the silver nanoparticles against many bacteria especially those having the capability to cause severe disease for the human such as Salmonella enterica, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococci and Pseudomonas sp (Devi and Joshi, 2012; Shelar and Chavan, 2014; Muhsin and Hachim, 2016; Madakka et al., 2018; Saravanakumar and Wang, 2018). However, shape, dimension, and the exterior charge as well as the concentration of the AgNPs are important factors that affect the antimicrobial activity the nanoparticles against the tested bacteria (Madakka et al., 2018). Devi and Joshi (2012) approved the antibacterial activity of AgNPs comparing with erythromycin, methicillin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin agents Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecalis. They showed that the diameter of inhibition zones obtained by the silver-nanoparticles, with 5-50 nm in diameter, were more than those obtained by the antibiotics. Shelar and Chavan, (2014) showed that Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus sp were inhibited by silver nanoparticles with diameter of 17-32 nm in very close pattern to the standard antibiotic streptomycin. Muhsin and Hachim (2016) reported the best concentration of silver nanoparticles with diameter 8-90 nm that showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus streptomycin was 100 Â µl/ ml. Based on the above-mentioned information, we assume that fungi as bio-factories for the biogenic synthesis of the silver nanoparticles are very interesting during eco-friendly and safe technology, also for future application as antimicrobial agents. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is a new multidisciplinary science interfering with many research areas and aspects. This technology deals with so small particles ranges from 1 to 100 nm (Birla et al., 2009; Husseiny et al., 2015). Nanoparticles of some metals like Au, Ag, Pt and Cu have paid more attention because of their biotechnological benefits (Rai and Duran, 2011). Research revealed the multiapplication of nanoparticle due to their unique properties in electronics, medicine, agriculture, pharmaceutic and environment (Nanda and Majeed, 2014; Dasgupta et al., 2015). Metal nanoparticles emerged as an alternative variety of antibacterial agents against strains of high resistance to the classical antibiotics (Naseem and Farrukh, 2015). Nanoparticles were used as antiviral agents (Gaikwad et al., 2013), effective antibacterial (Singh et al., 2013), cancer cells and antitumor (Daenen et al., 2014). Many researches have been directed to apply the nanoparticles of metals as anthelmintic (Garga and Chandrab, 2012), antifungal (Kim et al., 2012), antiprotozoal (Said et al., 2012), , acaricidal (Marimuthu et al., 2013) and larvicidal (Muthukumaran et al., 2015). Nanoparticles have many chemical and physical characteristics that differ from the metallic particles. Specific characteristics of nanoparticles such as their optical, physicochemical, mechanical properties make them crucial in many applications. Therefore, nanoparticles could be the key factor for the future technologies. Scientific as well as public associations are paying their attention for nanoparticles technology as a good investment source. Nanoparticles could be produced via physical, chemical or biological methods (Haider and Kang, 2015; Ebrahiminezhad et al., 2017). Both chemical and physical methods use reducing agents such as sodium borohydride, sodium citrate and alcohols (Rai and Duran, 2011). However, using of microorganisms in synthesis of nanoparticles represents another great achievement because of the economic and ease production (Shelar and Chavan, 2014; Patel et al., 2015). Research revealed that biological methods is an inexpensive and eco-friendly way for synthesis of nanoparticles. This method used biological agents including bacteria, fungi, yeast and plants (Mourato et al., 2011). Recently, emerging such microorganisms as eco-friendly nano-factories to manufacture inorganic nanoparticles was attractive (Lee et al., 2004; Lengke et al., 2007). Fungi were mentioned as excellent candidates for metal nanoparticle synthesis because they contain many of enzymes that induce the production (Sastry et al., 2003). It was assumed that the mechanism involved in nanoparticles production by fungi was due to cell wall sugars that could reduce the metal ions (Mukherjee et al., 2002) and because they have the high cell wall binding capacity, metal uptake and secrete more amounts of proteins lead to the higher productivity of nanoparticles (Vahabi et al., 2011). Fungi have some advantages over the other microorganisms regarding the synthesis of NPs, because fungal mycelia are able to resist pressure, high temperature and easy storage in the laboratory (Kiran et al., 2016). There are many of metals for biosynthesis (NPs) such as copper, zinc, iron, iron trichloride, lead carbonate, gold and silver (Siddiqi and Husen, 2016). In addition, silver NPs could be synthesized by fungi either intracellularly or extracellularly but the extracellular biosynthesis downstream process much easier and showed more activities against many pathogens (Ahmad et al., 2003). Among the active fungi that were reported to produce nanoparticles; Rhizopous oryzae produced nanoparticles intracellularly of gold (Das et al., 2012), Verticillium sp extracellularly peodcued gold and silver nanoparticles (Soni and Prakash, 2014) in the size range of 20–51 nm. However, F. oxysporum produced nanoparticles of silver of 5–15 nm and 8-14 nm in diameter extracellularly (Ahmad et al., 2003; Senapati et al., 2005). Many other fungi were approved for their productivity of nanoparticles of different metals either extracellularly or intracellularly including: Phoma sp. (Chen et al., 2003), the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. (Shankar et al., 2003), Aspergillus fumigatus (Kuber and D'Souza, 2006) , Fusarium acuminatum (Ingle et al., 2008) , Trichoderma asperellum (Mukherjee et al., 2008), F. semitectum (Sawle et al., 2008), Phoma glomerate (Birla et al. 2009), F. solani (Ingle et al., 2009) , plant pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger (Gade et al., 2008; Jaidev and Narasimha, 2010), Aspergillus flavus (Vigneshwaran et al., 2007; Jain et al., 2011) , Paecilomyces lilacinus (Devi and Joshi, 2012), endophytic fungus Pencillium sp. (Singh et al., 2013), Aspergillus foetidus (Roy and Das, 2014), Rhizopus stolonifer (AbdelRahim et al., 2017), Penicillium Oxalicum (Bhattacharjee et al., 2017) and Trichoderma atroviride (Saravanakumar and Wang, 2018). Many recent reports have shown that production of nanoparticles by fungi are could be affected by various condition of temperature, biomass weight, time and pH ( Balakumaran et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Othman et al., 2017). Husseiny et al. (2015) reported that most important factors that were affecting the biosynthesis of AgNPs were the temperature, pH, time, the concentration of AgNO3 and amount biomass. Narayanan and Sakthivel (2010) approved that incubation at 27 0C for 72 h with 7 pH and 10 g of the fungal biomass and 1mM concentration of AgNPs were considered the optimum conditions for production of AgNPs from AgNO3 by fungi. Researches showed some variations in the characteristics of the biosynthesized AgNPs by different fungal species. These variations could be due to the source of fungal isolates or strains and types of medium (Devi and Joshi, 2012; Roy and Das, 2014). When Alam et al. (2017) compared the different types of media, they found Czapex dox broth was a good medium to produce enough mycelial biomass to synthesize AgNPs. This because this medium contains essential carbon and nitrogen source along with other vital macro and micronutrients such as magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, iron and zinc which are vital for fungal growth.Nowadays, application of AgNPs confirmed their effectiveness in treatment of cancer, bone implant, anti-inflammatory and their biocidal activity against many bacteria and pathogens (Husseiny et al., 2015; Majeed et al., 2016). The antibacterial properties of AgNPs are due to the oxidation and liberation of Ag+ ions into the environment that makes it an ideal biocidal agent (Sivakumar et al., 2015). It is expected that the large surface area to volume ratio as well as high fraction of the surface atoms of the nanoparticles increase their antimicrobial activity as compared with bulk silver metal (Joy and Johnson, 2015). Moreover, the small size of the nanoparticles facilitates their penetration inside the cell. Additionally, excellent antibacterial properties exhibited by AgNPs are due to their well-developed surface which provides maximum contact with the environment (Mitiku and Yilma, 2017). Recent research approved the antibacterial activity of the silver nanoparticles against many bacteria especially those having the capability to cause severe disease for the human such as Salmonella enterica, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococci and Pseudomonas sp (Devi and Joshi, 2012; Shelar and Chavan, 2014; Muhsin and Hachim, 2016; Madakka et al., 2018; Saravanakumar and Wang, 2018). However, shape, dimension, and the exterior charge as well as the concentration of the AgNPs are important factors that affect the antimicrobial activity the nanoparticles against the tested bacteria (Madakka et al., 2018). Devi and Joshi (2012) approved the antibacterial activity of AgNPs comparing with erythromycin, methicillin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin agents Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecalis. They showed that the diameter of inhibition zones obtained by the silver-nanoparticles, with 5-50 nm in diameter, were more than those obtained by the antibiotics. Shelar and Chavan, (2014) showed that Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus sp were inhibited by silver nanoparticles with diameter of 17-32 nm in very close pattern to the standard antibiotic streptomycin. Muhsin and Hachim (2016) reported the best concentration of silver nanoparticles with diameter 8-90 nm that showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus streptomycin was 100 Â µl/ ml. Based on the above-mentioned information, we assume that fungi as bio-factories for the biogenic synthesis of the silver nanoparticles are very interesting during eco-friendly and safe technology, also for future application as antimicrobial agents.

Smartphone Industry

Executive summary Smartphones have ushered in a new generation of modern communication. The report investigates the computing capabilities of smartphones, and their ability to support several multimedia applications. The report discusses that fact the smartphone industry has rapidly grown over the last two decades. Currently, rapid transformation is taking place and competition to control the lucrative market has increased. The report considers whether the market segment is controlled by a few major players . The reports investigates patent issues amongst the major players The PESTLE framework is used to analyse the business environment in the smartphone market. Porter’s Five Forces is also used to evaluate the rivalry and power of the individual players within the smartphone industry. Introduction According to Ahson and Ilayas (2006), a smartphone is a form of mobile device that integrates the characteristics of a phone and a PDA. A smartphone offers more advanced connectivity and computing capabilities. Smartphones have the ability to access the Internet and support several multimedia applications. Smartphones achieve the capabilities of a Personal Computer technology and a traditional phone (Ahson and Ilayas, 2006). They enable users to add, install, and delete hundreds of applications. Users can also personalize the interface. They have ushered the present society into an era of ubiquitous information. The report examines the global-local aspects of the smartphone industry, specifically the patent wars. It also provides an analysis of the smartphone industry using the PESTLE framework. The report further provides an evaluation of the rivalry and power among the smartphone players. It discusses the competitive advantage within the smartphone industry. Global-local aspects of the smartphone industry.Smartphones; Markets and growth trendsPark, et al (2011) hypothesize that the mobile phone industry has witnessed a significant change in the last 15 years. In the last decade, Nokia was the world’s leading manufacturer of mobile phones. Since then, Nokia has been dislodged from the leading position by the new smartphone companies such as Apple, Samsung, and LG. The success of these companies is due to the introduction of new modern and innovative approaches to the ease of use of hardware and an improved user interface design (Park et al 2011). Himmelsbach (2013) argues that, in the recent years, the smartphone industry has witnessed radical transformation and altered competitive situation. The major players in the market segment include Samsung, Apple, Huawei, Sony, LG, HTC, Nokia, Research in Motion, Microsoft, and Google (Park et al 2011). . There are also other indirect players such as Qualcomm and Cirrus Logic. The intense c ompetition among the market players has led to large volumes of complex and mostly multi-jurisdiction patent litigation (Himmelsbach, 2013). The economic downturn caused the traditional global phone market to enter recession (Ahson and Ilayas, 2006). However, the smartphone market has been growing rapidly (Himmelsbach 2013). Major players have expanded their total sales due to the growing number of smartphone users and the reduced prices. Smartphone industry PESTLE analysis (Henry, 2008). Factor AnalysisPolitical analysisPolitical environment in some countries enable smartphone markers to flourish Political challenge in some countries, for instance, China, and India raised security concerns over some features provided by RIM’s BlackBerry. Roaming fees is relatively high in several countries Economic analysis The current prices of smartphones devices are fair although devices from some major manufacturers such as Apple are still considered to be expensive Slow economic growth and recession can affect the sale of smartphone devices Social analysis Some major smartphones brands symbolize high status.Innovation is increasing getting hard.Technological analysis The main rivalry is between Apple’s iOS and Android operating systems. Innovation is rapidly growing and each day, a new technology is invented. Environmental analysis Manufacturers are required to comply with various environmental standards. Legal analysis Patent lawsuits is increasing among the smart phone industry players.Patents in the smartphone industry.According to Hill et al (2014), the smartphone industry has experienced patent litigation for several years. In the past, voice telephony services such as speech compression technologies, network management and radio transmission were the main focus of patent litigation. More recently, patent litigation has broadened across a wider range of cellphone and mobile computing technologies. The major market players are continuously suing each other over a variety of smartphone patents. The role of patents in the smartphone industry is to protect a company’s investment in research and development (Hill et al 2014). After an examination of a patent, the owner is granted a monopoly license for the patented invention which is usually 20 years. Patents provide incentive to the owner company for its effort of bringing the innovative technology out of the research lab and into the market after an expensive and risky business. The N etwork Patent Analysis method indicates that large portion of the patent portfolio is held by Apple (Ferell and Fraedrich, 2014). Apple is slightly ahead of IBM and Microsoft. According to NPA, 16 out of the 20 patent are owned by Apple. NPA reveals several of the smartphone patent lawsuits are within the 16 unique clusters of inventions that are related. Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014) note that the majority of smartphones patent wars are related to mobile data access, touch screens and transmission of mobile data. Among the three clusters, each has different company or manufacturer dominating the patent portfolio. According to Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014), the mobile data access cluster is dominated by Research in Motion, while the touch screen cluster is dominated by Apple. Evaluation of the competitiveness (rivalry) and power of the individual players within the smartphone industry using Porter’s five forces. Smartphone devices have become part of many people’ s lives. The market has been largely fractionalized. The transformation of the smartphone market has led to increased competition and rivalry. Different players are producing devices tailored for different market segments. Porter’s Five Forces can be used to understand the forces affecting the smartphones market from the manufacturers and users perspectives. The five components of Porter’s framework in relation to the smartphone industry is as follows. The threat of new entrants is low because the investment on the required technology needed to compete in this industry is high. Consumers purchase phones from incumbent companies with good reputation. This explains why Apple, and Samsung smartphones are the most popular in the market. The threat of substitutes is low because smartphones contain added functionalities from other digital electronic devices such as watches, digital cameras, cell phones, pager, and organizers, and laptops. The service provided by smartphones are sufficient as expected from a mobile device. The bargaining power of buyers is rated to be medium because the present smartphones market contains a variety of products from major brands for consumers to choose. The prices of smartphones have become relatively low. The bargaining power of suppliers is medium because of the reliance of mobile phone manufacturers on their suppliers. The manufactures acquire quality components from suppliers at competitive prices. Som e smartphone operating systems such Android is open source. The smartphone industry is competitive with a few strong competitors (Boyes and Melvin, 2012). New entrants find it challenging to compete and gain in the market share which is dominated by major brands. However, some new smartphones manufacturers such as Sony and ZTE are rapidly gaining popularity and market share. Competitive advantage within the smartphone industry. The smartphone market is highly competitive, and it has experienced dramatic changes in the recent past. In 2007, Apple defeated BlackBerry from the leading position as the dominant smartphone maker Laffey (2011). Smartphone market competition has also been based on the two main operating systems, Google’s Android and Apples’ IOS (Park et al 2011). Apple has managed to take the leading position in the market because of its high specification products, integrated operating system and quality hardware (Laffey, 2011). Apple’s success is also attributed to its luxury brand image established during the reign of Steve Jobs Apple provides the eco-system of apps available online on Apple’s app-store platform (Park et al 2011). The Kindle Fire, an Amazon product is expected to challenge Apple by offering readerse new opportunities to access to Amazon’s online e-books store (Laffey, 2011). Amazon’s relationship with content providers will enable it secure the delivery of its apps and video content providing a new competition across the market segment (Laffey, 2011). The difference in pricing between Android and IOS phones has impacts on competition (Laffey, 2011). Most Android smartphones are affordable while some devices from Apple are less affordable. Apple benefits from a higher income from this (Laffey, 2011). Conclusion In summary, the current smartphone is no longer exclusive for early adopters. Streamlining of new innovations has led to increased competition and patent litigation. It is evident that the smartphone market is controlled by a few major smartphones makers. Smartphones have heralded a new era in the communication industry and changed several aspects of human lifestyle. New software makers need to develop an operating system to make a unique distinction in the current market. References Ahson, S. and Ilayas. (2006) Smartphones [online]. Intl. Engineering Consortium. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk [Accessed 4 April 2014] Boyes, W., and Melvin, M. (2012) Macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk[Accessed 4 April 2014] BBC (2010) ‘Leading mobile phone lose market share’, 10 November. Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11725411 [Accessed 4 April 2014] Egham (2012) ‘Gartner says worldwide smartphone sales soared in Fourth quarter of 2011 with 47 percent growth’. Garner [online]. 15 February. Available from: http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/1924314 [Accessed 4 April 2014] Ferell, O., C., and Fraedrich, J. (2014) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making & Cases [online]. Cengage Learning. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk[Accessed 4 April 2014] Henry, A. (2008) Understanding Strategic Management [online]. Oxford University Press. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk [Accessed 3 April 2014]. Himmelsbach, T. (2013) A Survey on Today’s Smartphone Usage [online]. GRIN Verlag. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk[Accessed 4 April 2014] Hill, C., Jones, G., and Schilling, M. (2014) Strategic Management: Theory & Cases: An Integrated Approach [online]. Cengage Learning. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk[Accessed 4 April 2014] Laffey, D. (2011) Strategic issues in Tablets and Smartphones: An Agenda (Non-referred research note). Journal of Strategic Management Education 7(4): 287-290 Park, J., Yang, L., and Lee, C. (2011) Future Information Technology: 6th International Conference on Future Information Technology, FutureTech 2011, Crete, Greece, June 28-30, 2011. Proceedings [online]. Springer. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk [Accessed 4 April 2014]

Free Essays on James Madison

James Madison was perhaps the hardest working & most widely respected man of his day. Commonly hailed as the Father of our Constitution, Madison had more to do with its Conception than did any other man. A strong Republican, he was later elected President of the United States. Born in to an aristocratic family in Port Conway, Virginia, he was the eldest of 12 children. He entered the College of New Jersey in 1769. He graduated in 1771, Completing a four-year degree in two years. He then studied theology, history, & law, both at The college & on his own. His public career began in 1774 when he was appointed a member Of the King George County Committee for Public Safety in Virginia at the age of 23. Madison spent the rest of his life in service to his nation. He was a member of the Virginia constitutional committee. Madison supported religious toleration for the separation of church & state. In this work he found a life-long partner & friend in Thomas Jefferson. In 1779 Madison was elected to represent the state of Virginia to the Continental Congress. Washington & Madison organized the Alexandria Conference in order to settle commercial dispute between Virginia & Maryland concerning the Potomac River. The conference was a great success. When the Maryland suggested to include representatives from Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, & Virginia in order to uniform the commercial system, Madison saw a larger possibility for scheme. He felt that a meeting of all the states should follow in order to explore all concerns & to amend the Articles of Confederation. The Annapolis Convention met in 1786 with a lot of arguing & little result. Only five states attended.They later persuaded the Continental Congress to modify the Articles of Confederation. This became the Constitutional Convention, & though George Washington was appointed by Virginia, James Madison wo... Free Essays on James Madison Free Essays on James Madison James Madison was perhaps the hardest working & most widely respected man of his day. Commonly hailed as the Father of our Constitution, Madison had more to do with its Conception than did any other man. A strong Republican, he was later elected President of the United States. Born in to an aristocratic family in Port Conway, Virginia, he was the eldest of 12 children. He entered the College of New Jersey in 1769. He graduated in 1771, Completing a four-year degree in two years. He then studied theology, history, & law, both at The college & on his own. His public career began in 1774 when he was appointed a member Of the King George County Committee for Public Safety in Virginia at the age of 23. Madison spent the rest of his life in service to his nation. He was a member of the Virginia constitutional committee. Madison supported religious toleration for the separation of church & state. In this work he found a life-long partner & friend in Thomas Jefferson. In 1779 Madison was elected to represent the state of Virginia to the Continental Congress. Washington & Madison organized the Alexandria Conference in order to settle commercial dispute between Virginia & Maryland concerning the Potomac River. The conference was a great success. When the Maryland suggested to include representatives from Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, & Virginia in order to uniform the commercial system, Madison saw a larger possibility for scheme. He felt that a meeting of all the states should follow in order to explore all concerns & to amend the Articles of Confederation. The Annapolis Convention met in 1786 with a lot of arguing & little result. Only five states attended.They later persuaded the Continental Congress to modify the Articles of Confederation. This became the Constitutional Convention, & though George Washington was appointed by Virginia, James Madison wo...